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How technology is fuelling conflict in Congo
A fighter from the FDLR rebel group watches over civilians ordered to destroy a bridge at the village of Peti in eastern Congo in February. Photo/REUTERS
In an effort to shine a light on the darkness at the heart of the world’s deadliest conflict since the Second World War, the Enough Project travelled to eastern Congo to better understand how the 3Ts (Tin, Tantalum, and Tungsten) and gold make their way from Congo’s killing fields to our cell phones, laptops, MP3 players and video game systems.
What we found is that the conflict minerals supply chain is far less intimidating than the electronics industry would have consumers believe.
In fact, the journey from mine to cell phone can be broken down into six major steps that make the supply chain relatively easy to understand.
1 The journey of a conflict mineral begins at one of eastern Congo’s many mines. There are 13 major mines — 12 of which are currently controlled by armed groups — and about 200 total mines in the region. The average wage for a miner (often child labourers between the ages of 10 and 16) is between $1 and $5 a day.
2 From the mines, the minerals are transported to trading towns and then on to the two major cities in the region, Bukavu and Goma. In the gold trade, Butembo and Uvira are also key trading hubs.
3 Export companies then buy minerals from the trading houses and transporters, process the minerals using machinery, and then sell them to foreign buyers. These companies, known locally as comptoirs, are required to register with the government, and there are currently 17 exporters based in Bukavu and 24 based in Goma.
4 From the exporter the minerals are sent mainly by road, boat, or plane to the neighbouring countries of Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi. Some minerals are legally exported, with taxes paid to the Congolese government, while others are smuggled across Congo’s porous borders. Either way, conflict minerals form a major portion of the trade.
5 In order for the minerals to be sold on the world market, they have to be refined into metals by metal processing companies.
These companies, based mainly in East Asia, take the Congolese minerals and smelt or chemically process them together with metals from other countries in large furnaces.
6 Finally, the refiners sell Congo’s minerals onto the electronics companies, the single largest consumer of the minerals from eastern Congo.
These companies, which include Intel, Apple, Nokia, Hewlett Packard, Nintendo, etc, then make the products that we all know and buy — cell phones, portable music players, video games and laptop computers.
Since companies do not currently have a system to trace, audit and certify where their materials come from, all cell phones and laptops may contain conflict minerals from Congo. We as consumers have the power to begin to demand conflict-free electronics.
John Prendergast is co-founder of Enough, the project to end genocide and crimes against humanity at the Centre for American Progress
