Africa’s challenge is control, as much as capital. Much of its value, finance, technology and industrial coordination remains organised beyond its command. Sovereignty holds in form, while the systems that create, finance, protect and retain value remain largely outside effective domestic control.
Kenyan President William Ruto’s warning on external capital exposes Africa’s deeper structural weakness. The continent exports raw value, then buys it back as refined fuel, machinery, processed goods and fertiliser.
