Complex violence defies military operations in restive east Congo

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M23 rebels in Kibumba, a key highway in eastern DR Congo, on December 23, 2022 when they ceded a strategic frontline position 20km from Goma city to soldiers from the East African military force. The rebels are under pressure to lay down their arms, permanently. PHOTO | AFP

There was hope last week that mounting violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo could ebb, after the feared M23 group agreed to surrender territories to the East African Community Regional Forces (EACRF).

And for most parts of the year, including recently, the security threat was largely seen as caused by the M23.